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The homozygous mutation causes prenatal onset of recurrent fractures of the ribs and long bones, demineralization, decreased ossification of the skull, and blue sclerae; it is clinically type II or type III. [77] Family members who are heterozygous for OI XVI may have recurrent fractures, osteopenia and blue sclerae. [77] [78]
It can be useful to enquire about symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta, as Type I Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (Shield's Classification) is associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. [2] Notable information includes: History of bone fracture caused by minimal trauma; Short stature; Blue sclera; Hearing loss [2] [5]
Daentl Townsend Siegel syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by blue sclerae, kidney malfunction, thin skin, and hydrocephalus. It was first identified by D.L. Daentl et al. in 1978. [ 1 ] Daentl Townsend Siegel syndrome is also known as "Hydrocephalus blue sclera nephropathy" and "Familial nephrosis, hydrocephalus, thin skin, blue ...
Intraocular hemorrhage is classified based on the location of the bleeding: Hyphema (in the anterior chamber); Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) is a rare complication of intraocular surgery in which blood from the ciliary arteries enters the space between the choroid and the sclera.
Additional physical features include delayed bone age, hypogonadism, blue sclera, high-pitched voice, acrohypoplasia, sparse hair growth, and crowded teeth. [14] The breasts of females reach normal size, and in some are large in relation to body size. [6] It has been suggested that hyperprolactinemia may contribute to the enlarged breast size. [9]
Child displaying typical facial phenotype of Kabuki syndrome. Specific symptoms for Kabuki syndrome vary, with large differences between affected individuals. [3] Most people with Kabuki syndrome have distinctive facial features that include arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, elongated eyelids with lower lids that turn out, prominent ears, a flat tip of the nose and a downward slant to the mouth.
Diagnosis is generally based on the appearance of the conjunctiva. [2] The condition is relatively common, [4] and both sexes are affected equally. Spontaneous bleeding occurs more commonly over the age of 50 while the traumatic type occurs more often in young males.
The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms and MRI and confirmed by tissue biopsy. [6] [7] Blood tests may show anaemia, and less commonly a low white blood cell count and low platelet count. [5] Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and certain medicines. [7]