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The shrink–swell capacity of soils refers to the extent certain clay minerals will expand when wet and retract when dry. Soil with a high shrink–swell capacity is problematic and is known as shrink–swell soil, or expansive soil . [ 1 ]
Crucible swelling index, also known as free swelling index, in coal assay; Swelling capacity, the amount of a liquid that can be absorbed by a polymer; Shrink–swell capacity in soil mechanics; Unload-reload constant (κ) in critical state soil mechanics
A free swell test measures the free swell index (FSI) by comparing the volume of dry soil in water to its volume in kerosene. A mineralogical analysis is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) test that can identify specific clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, which would indicate shrink-swell qualities of the soil. [4]
Soil sieve nests with dry soil aggregates after removal from a laboratory drying oven. Soil aggregate stability is a measure of the ability of soil aggregates—soil particles that bind together—to resist breaking apart when exposed to external forces such as water erosion and wind erosion, shrinking and swelling processes, and tillage.
Soils with high shrink–swell capacity, such as vertisols, recover quickly from compaction where moisture conditions are variable (dry spells shrink the soil, causing it to crack). But clays such as kaolinite , which do not crack as they dry, cannot recover from compaction on their own unless they host ground-dwelling animals such as ...
Vermiculite is a 2:1 clay, meaning it has two tetrahedral sheets for every one octahedral sheet. It is a limited-expansion clay with a medium shrink–swell capacity . Vermiculite has a high cation-exchange capacity (CEC) at 100–150 meq /100 g.
It has a low shrink–swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity (1–15 meq/100 g). Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, and halloysite, are known as kaolin (/ ˈ k eɪ. ə l ɪ n /) or china clay. In many parts of the world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it a distinct rust hue. Lower concentrations of iron oxide ...
Due to the non-linearity of the equation, numerical techniques such as the non-linear least-squares method can be used to solve the van Genuchten parameters. [4] [5] The accuracy of the estimated parameters will depend on the quality of the acquired dataset (and ). Structural overestimation or underestimation can occur when water retention ...