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In number theory, a narcissistic number [1] [2] (also known as a pluperfect digital invariant (PPDI), [3] an Armstrong number [4] (after Michael F. Armstrong) [5] or a plus perfect number) [6] in a given number base is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.
Off-by-one errors are common in using the C library because it is not consistent with respect to whether one needs to subtract 1 byte – functions like fgets() and strncpy will never write past the length given them (fgets() subtracts 1 itself, and only retrieves (length − 1) bytes), whereas others, like strncat will write past the length given them.
Typically, the strategy pattern stores a reference to code in a data structure and retrieves it. This can be achieved by mechanisms such as the native function pointer, the first-class function, classes or class instances in object-oriented programming languages, or accessing the language implementation's internal storage of code via reflection.
One of the things that a logician does is to take a set of statements in logic and deduce the conclusions (additional statements) that must be true by the laws of logic. For example, if given the statements "All humans are mortal" and "Socrates is human" a valid conclusion is "Socrates is mortal". Of course this is a trivial example.
Default logic can express facts like “by default, something is true”; by contrast, standard logic can only express that something is true or that something is false. This is a problem because reasoning often involves facts that are true in the majority of cases but not always. A classical example is: “birds typically fly”.
An example of a problem where this method has been used is the clique problem: given a CNF formula consisting of c clauses, the corresponding graph consists of a vertex for each literal, and an edge between each two non-contradicting [c] literals from different clauses; see the picture.
A graphical representation of a partially built propositional tableau. In proof theory, the semantic tableau [1] (/ t æ ˈ b l oʊ, ˈ t æ b l oʊ /; plural: tableaux), also called an analytic tableau, [2] truth tree, [1] or simply tree, [2] is a decision procedure for sentential and related logics, and a proof procedure for formulae of first-order logic. [1]
Rule-based machine learning (RBML) is a term in computer science intended to encompass any machine learning method that identifies, learns, or evolves 'rules' to store, manipulate or apply.