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The white people of South Africa approve of De Klerk's reforms in a referendum. 45 people are killed in the Boipatong Massacre, an attack committed by supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party. 28 protestors demanding Ciskei be reincorporated into South Africa (and 1 soldier) are killed in the Bisho massacre.
The recorded economic history of South Africa began with the VOC period. The Dutch East India Company (in the Dutch of the day: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape in 1652.
This article identifies the historical reform patterns of the South African prison system, focusing on specific actors, social movements, and underlying socio-political factors that precipitated reform before the apartheid struggle and after 1994, transitioning into the current reform challenges facing the South African prison system.
Hanging was maintained as the preferred method, as in most post-independence cases of criminal law, following South Africa's independence as a republic in 1961.At the same time, South Africa saw mounting international criticism against purposely political executions of anti-apartheid activists convicted of violent crimes; mainly blacks, but occasionally whites, the case of Frederick John ...
[2] According to Gibson, the term criminology was most likely coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as Criminologia . [2] In the late 19th century, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term Criminologie . [3] Criminology grew substantially as a discipline in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
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Five Hundred years: a history of South Africa, CFJ Muller, 3rd rev., Pretoria Academica, 1981; Reader's Digest Illustrated Guide to Southern Africa 5th Edition ISBN 0-947008-17-9, 1985; Who did what in South Africa, Mona De Beer, Craighall, South Africa, AD Donker, 1988; 1990s. Institut für Afrika-Kunde; Rolf Hofmeier, eds. (1990). "Südliches ...
The South African Police (SAP) was the national police force and law enforcement agency in South Africa from 1913 to 1994; it was the de facto police force in the territory of South West Africa from 1939 to 1981. After South Africa's transition to majority rule in 1994, the SAP was reorganised into the South African Police Service (SAPS).