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Normal axis, or yaw axis — an axis drawn from top to bottom, and perpendicular to the other two axes, parallel to the fuselage or frame station.; Transverse axis, lateral axis, or pitch axis — an axis running from the pilot's left to right in piloted aircraft, and parallel to the wings of a winged aircraft, parallel to the buttock line.
In case of land vehicles like cars, tanks etc., which use the ENU-system (East-North-Up) as external reference (World frame), the vehicle's (body's) positive y- or pitch axis always points to its left, and the positive z- or yaw axis always points up. World frame's origin is fixed at the center of gravity of the vehicle.
This is typically controlled by the rudder at the rear of the airplane. Roll (bank) – in which one wing of the airplane moves up and the other moves down. This is typically controlled by ailerons on the wings of the airplane. Coordinated flight requires the pilot to use pitch, roll and yaw control simultaneously. See also flight dynamics.
Using ailerons causes adverse yaw, meaning the nose of the aircraft yaws in a direction opposite to the aileron application. When moving the aileron control to bank the wings to the left, adverse yaw moves the nose of the aircraft to the right. Adverse yaw is most pronounced in low-speed aircraft with long wings, such as gliders.
Yaw string used in front of the cockpit of an F-14D Tomcat. In flight, pilots are instructed to step on the head of the yaw string; the head is the front of the string, where the string is attached to the aircraft. If the head of the yaw string is to the right of the yaw string tail, then the pilot should apply right rudder pressure.
The Antonov An-225 had anhedral wings, which make it less stable but more manoeuvrable. With a symmetrical rocket or missile, the directional stability in yaw is the same as the pitch stability; it resembles the short period pitch oscillation, with yaw plane equivalents to the pitch plane stability derivatives. For this reason, pitch and yaw ...
A Boeing 737 uses an adjustable stabilizer, moved by a jackscrew, to provide the required pitch trim forces. Generic stabilizer illustrated. A horizontal stabilizer is used to maintain the aircraft in longitudinal balance, or trim: [3] it exerts a vertical force at a distance so the summation of pitch moments about the center of gravity is zero. [4]
This was intended to provide both yaw and pitch control. The Fabre Hydravion of 1910 was the first floatplane to fly and had a foreplane. But canard behaviour was not properly understood and other European pioneers—among them, Louis Blériot —were establishing the tailplane as the safer and more "conventional" design.