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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [11] [12] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
An example of a bacterial expression vector is the pGEX-3x plasmid. The expression host of choice for the expression of many proteins is Escherichia coli as the production of heterologous protein in E. coli is relatively simple and convenient, as well as being rapid and cheap.
Other cloning vectors include the pUC series of plasmids, and a large number of different cloning plasmid vectors are available. Many plasmids have high copy numbers, for example, pUC19 has a copy number of 500-700 copies per cell, [6] and high copy number is useful as it produces greater yield of recombinant plasmid for subsequent manipulation ...
Plasmid vectors minimalistically consist of an origin of replication that allows for semi-independent replication of the plasmid in the host. Plasmids are found widely in many bacteria, for example in Escherichia coli, but may also be found in a few eukaryotes, for example in yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [8]
An example of a plasmid cloning vector which modifies the inserted protein is pFUSE-Fc plasmid. In order to genetically engineer insulin, the first step is to cut the MCS in the plasmid being used. [7] Once the MCS is cut, the gene for human insulin can be added making the plasmid genetically modified.
A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species. [1] Therefore, DNA inserted into a shuttle vector can be tested or manipulated in two different cell types.
For example, pBR322 is a medium copy number plasmid (~20 copies/cell) from which several high copy number cloning vectors (>100 copies/cell) have been derived by mutagenesis, such as the well known pUC series. [1] This delivers the convenience of high plasmid DNA yields but the additional burden of the high copy number restricts the plasmid size.
A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence. [1] Often used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering, cosmids can be used to build genomic libraries. They were first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978. [2] Cosmids can contain 37 to 52 (normally 45) kb of DNA, limits based on the normal bacteriophage ...