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Field artillery forward observer 1189 was a World War II Army officer position. Officer classification, commissioned and warrant military classification and coding. [4]The primary duties of the 1189 was to "direct the fire of an artillery unit from a forward position.
Artillery observer. An artillery observer, artillery spotter, or forward observer (FO) is a soldier responsible for directing artillery and mortar fire support onto a target. An artillery observer usually accompanies a tank or infantry unit. Spotters ensure that indirect fire hits targets which those at a fire support base cannot see.
In the US system for land-based field artillery, the field artillery team is organized to direct and control indirect artillery fire on the battlefield. Since World War I, to conduct indirect artillery fire, three distinct components have evolved in this organization: the forward observer (FO), the fire direction center (FDC), and the firing ...
Caquot type kite balloon, used by the Allies in the mid-latter part of WWI Replica of a balloon observer of the Swiss Army in World War I. World War I was the high point for the military use of observation balloons, which were extensively deployed by both sides. Artillery had developed to the point where it could engage targets beyond a ground ...
Fire may be directed by an artillery observer or another observer, including crewed and uncrewed aircraft, or called onto map coordinates. Military doctrine has had a significant influence on the core engineering design considerations of artillery ordnance through its history, in seeking to achieve a balance between the delivered volume of fire ...
Battle of Lanzerath Ridge Part of the Battle of the Bulge, World War II 117th Infantry North Carolina National Guard at St. Vith Date December 16–17, 1944 Location Near Lanzerath, Belgium 50°21′34″N 6°19′45″E / 50.359487°N 6.329241°E / 50.359487; 6.329241 Result American surrender Belligerents Germany United States Commanders and leaders Josef Dietrich I.G. von ...