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At first, he favored the Welf Otto IV, who, to gain papal support, had promised him total sovereignty over the Church states, plus the exarchate of Ravenna, the estates of Countess Matilda, the march of Ancona, the duchy of Spoleto and recognition of his sovereignty over Sicily. However, once Otto IV consolidated his power, he reneged on these ...
The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. [1] In 303, the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding Christians' legal rights and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices.
Woodcut of a medieval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office, Philip Van Ness Myers, 1905. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (‹See Tfd› German: Investiturstreit, pronounced [ɪnvɛstiˈtuːɐ̯ˌʃtʁaɪt] ⓘ) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) [1] and abbots of ...
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease directly caused by the conflict, and it severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. [1] One of its most notorious episodes was the ...
The Catholic Church was a powerful institution in England with a number of privileges. The King could not tax or sue clergy in civil courts. The church could also grant fugitives sanctuary, and many areas of the law―such as family law―were controlled by the church. For centuries, kings had attempted to reduce the church's power, and the ...
The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. [1][2] Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe, or Christendom. Other motives during the wars involved revolt, territorial ...
Christian of Brunswick. The Thirty Years' War, [ j ] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [ 19 ]
Martin Luther, Ninety-five Theses As the historian Lyndal Roper notes, the "Reformation proceeded by a set of debates and arguments". Luther presented his views in public at the observant Augustinians' assembly in Heidelberg on 26 April 1518. Here he explained his "theology of the Cross" about a loving God who had become frail to save fallen humanity, contrasting it with what he saw as the ...