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At first, he favored the Welf Otto IV, who, to gain papal support, had promised him total sovereignty over the Church states, plus the exarchate of Ravenna, the estates of Countess Matilda, the march of Ancona, the duchy of Spoleto and recognition of his sovereignty over Sicily. However, once Otto IV consolidated his power, he reneged on these ...
Woodcut of a medieval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office, Philip Van Ness Myers, 1905. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (‹See Tfd› German: Investiturstreit, pronounced [ɪnvɛstiˈtuːɐ̯ˌʃtʁaɪt] ⓘ) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) [1] and abbots of ...
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease directly caused by the conflict, and it severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. [1] One of its most notorious episodes was the ...
The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. [1] In 303, the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding Christians' legal rights and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices.
The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. [1][2] Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe, or Christendom. Other motives during the wars involved revolt, territorial ...
Martin Luther, Ninety-five Theses As the historian Lyndal Roper notes, the "Reformation proceeded by a set of debates and arguments". Luther presented his views in public at the observant Augustinians' assembly in Heidelberg on 26 April 1518. Here he explained his "theology of the Cross" about a loving God who had become frail to save fallen humanity, contrasting it with what he saw as the ...
The remains of Turnberry Castle, Robert the Bruce's likely birthplace. Robert the Bruce was born on 11 July 1274. [3] His place of birth is not known for certain, it most likely was Turnberry Castle in Ayrshire, the head of his mother's earldom, [4] despite claims that he may have been born in Lochmaben in Dumfriesshire, or Writtle in Essex.
Thousands have moved from across the country and the world to live near and participate in the church, which has a reported 11,000 members in a city of 90,000 people. ... he can help restore order ...