Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
In reality, such a cation is not actually formed. For example, carboxylates salts are converted to ethyl esters, [6] carbanions to ethylated derivatives, thiourea into ethylisothiouronium salts, [7] and amines into ethylamines. [8]
Benzyl bromide is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyl groups when the less expensive benzyl chloride is insufficiently reactive. [6] [7] Benzylations are often achieved in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium iodide, which generates the more reactive benzyl iodide in situ. [3]
For example, the methyl group may be oxidized using potassium permanganate to form the corresponding bromobenzoic acid. [5] The methyl group may also be partially oxidized to form bromobenzaldehyde .
Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH 2, respectively. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl , C 6 H 5 –C 6 H 5 . Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene , anthracene , phenanthrene , and pyrene .
For example, the limiting acid in liquid ammonia is the ammonium ion, NH 4 + which has a pK a value in water of 9.25. The limiting base is the amide ion, NH 2 −. NH 2 − is a stronger base than the hydroxide ion and so cannot exist in aqueous solution. The pK a value of ammonia is estimated to be approximately 34 (c.f. water, 14 [3] [4]).
For example, (C 6 H 5)(CH 3) 2 C + is referred to as a "benzylic" carbocation. The benzyl free radical has the formula C 6 H 5 CH 2 • . The benzyl cation or phenylcarbenium ion is the carbocation with formula C 6 H 5 CH + 2 ; the benzyl anion or phenylmethanide ion is the carbanion with the formula C 6 H 5 CH − 2 .
Solubility in water: practically insoluble Other solubilities Soluble in 70 parts ethanol. Soluble in benzene, chloroform and very soluble in diethyl ether. Melting point: 7.1 °C −7.0 °C 87 °C Boiling point: 225 °C 218–220 °C 220.4 °C
The first model and also the simplest is still in use today: the model of Yalkowsky. [7] Yalkowsky’s model utilizes the algebraic mixing rule or log-linear model: logX m = ƒ 1 logX 1 + ƒ 2 logX 2. Where X m is the mole fraction solubility of the solute, X 1 and X 2 denote the mole fraction solubility in neat cosolvent and water.