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The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
The sound change affected sequences of vowel + nasal consonant + fricative consonant. (Spirant is an older term for 'fricative'.) The sequences in question are -ns-, -mf-, and -nþ-, preceded by any vowel. [1] The nasal consonant disappeared, sometimes causing nasalization and compensatory lengthening of the vowel before it.
Few languages also have the voiceless alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur.
The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages.It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father.Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or ð and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative.
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʁ , an inverted small uppercase letter ʀ , or in broad transcription r if rhotic .
The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.It is familiar to most English speakers as the 'th' in think.Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones.
The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia ...
The voiceless palatal lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. There are two ways it can be transcribed into IPA : extIPA c͜𝼆 or traditional c͜ʎ̥˔ .