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  2. Isoelectronicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoelectronicity

    , Ca 2+, and Sc 3+ and the anions Cl −, S 2−, and P 3− are all isoelectronic with the Ar atom. CO, CN −, N 2, and NO + are isoelectronic because each has two atoms triple bonded together, and due to the charge have analogous electronic configurations (N − is identical in electronic configuration to O so CO is identical electronically ...

  3. Isolobal principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolobal_principle

    Isolobal compounds are analogues to isoelectronic compounds that share the same number of valence electrons and structure. A graphic representation of isolobal structures, with the isolobal pairs connected through a double-headed arrow with half an orbital below, is found in Figure 1. Figure 1: Basic example of the isolobal analogy

  4. Bond order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order

    As introduced by Gerhard Herzberg, [1] building off of work by R. S. Mulliken and Friedrich Hund, bond order is defined as the difference between the numbers of electron pairs in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. Bond order gives a rough indication of the stability of a bond. Isoelectronic species have the same bond order. [2]

  5. Pair production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_production

    Pair production often refers specifically to a photon creating an electron–positron pair near a nucleus. As energy must be conserved, for pair production to occur, the incoming energy of the photon must be above a threshold of at least the total rest mass energy of the two particles created. (As the electron is the lightest, hence, lowest ...

  6. Ion association - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_association

    In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. [1] [2] Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also classified according to the nature of the interaction as contact, solvent-shared or ...

  7. Metal nitrosyl complex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_nitrosyl_complex

    This trend is illustrated by the isoelectronic pair Fe(CO) 2 (NO) 2 and [Ni(CO) 4]. [3] These complexes are isoelectronic and, incidentally, both obey the 18-electron rule . The formal description of nitric oxide as NO + does not match certain measureable and calculated properties.

  8. Mirror nuclei - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_nuclei

    In physics, mirror nuclei are a pair of isobars of two different elements where the number of protons of isobar one (Z 1) equals the number of neutrons of isobar two (N 2) and the number of protons of isotope two (Z 2) equals the number of neutrons in isotope one (N 1); in short: Z 1 = N 2 and Z 2 = N 1.

  9. Two-body problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-body_problem

    [2] Let x 1 and x 2 be the vector positions of the two bodies, and m 1 and m 2 be their masses. The goal is to determine the trajectories x 1 (t) and x 2 (t) for all times t, given the initial positions x 1 (t = 0) and x 2 (t = 0) and the initial velocities v 1 (t = 0) and v 2 (t = 0). When applied to the two masses, Newton's second law states that