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Basal area is the cross-sectional area of trees at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft above ground). It is a common way to describe stand density. In forest management, basal area usually refers to merchantable timber and is given on a per hectare or per acre basis. If one cut down all the merchantable trees on an acre at 4.5 feet (1.4 m) off the ...
Borderline trees occur only when the distance from the sampling point to the center of the tree is equal to the DBH times plot radius factor (PRF). The PRF is determined based on the type of prism or angle gauge being used. Basal Area Factor (BAF) 5, 10, and 20 angle gauges result in PRFs of 3.89, 2.75, and 1.94 (feet inch −1) respectively.
Proper use of angle gauge to count in trees Angle gauge indicating a tree to measure for a basal area factor of 10. An angle gauge is a tool used by foresters to determine which trees to measure when using a variable radius plot design in forest inventory. Using this tool a forester can quickly measure the trees that are in or out of the plot.
Prism factor is based on the angle of the prism, and prisms are available in different factors, expressed in both square feet/acre (5, 10, 20 BAF are most common) and square meters/hectare (1-5 BAF are common). Prism size is chosen to yield a statistically valid estimate of basal area - 6-10 "in" trees per plot are required, which requires a ...
The Relascope is very similar to the angle gauge and the wedge prism in that it can be used to find the basal area of a tree from a point depending on the basal area factor in a variable radius sampling method. The main difference in this instrument though is that it has multiple uses as described previously.
In zirconium, for example, this enables the identification of slip activity on a basal, prism, or 1st/2nd order pyramidal plane. In the case of a 1st-order pyramidal plane trace, the slip could be in either 𝑎 or 𝑐 + 𝑎 directions; slip trace analysis cannot discriminate between these.
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Foot – the basal connection between the sporophyte and gametophyte. Gymnostomous – lacking a peristome. Haplolepidous – having a peristome with one row of arthrodontous teeth. Hypophysis – a swelling, typically referring to the base of the sporangium. Immersed – meaning submerged or below the surface.