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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
Cuneiform [note 1] is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East. [3] The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. [4] Cuneiform scripts are marked by and named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions (Latin: cuneus) which form their ...
A brief Burmese inscription appears in a copper-gilded umbrella also inscribed in Sanskrit dated 1035 found near the Mahabodhi Temple, but only a name and some numerals can be made out in certainty due to damage. [136] [137] An 18th century copy of a stone inscription made in 984 also exists. [138] 11th century: Mozarabic
The complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir (UET V 81) [1] is a clay tablet that was sent to the ancient city-state Ur, written c. 1750 BCE.The tablet, measuring 11.6 cm high and 5 cm wide, documents a transaction in which Ea-nāṣir, [a] a trader, allegedly sold sub-standard copper to a customer named Nanni.
Proto-cuneiform emerged in what is now labeled the Uruk IV period (c. 3300 BC), and its use continued through the later Uruk III period (c. 3200-2900 BC), also called the Jemdat Nasr period. The script slowly evolved over time, with signs changing and merging. [ 19 ]
Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia), also known as Cuneiform studies or Ancient Near East studies, [1] [2] is the archaeological, anthropological, historical, and linguistic study of the cultures that used cuneiform writing.
This tiny 4,000-year-old cuneiform tells a big story about past civilizations. ... Archaeologists discovered a small, clay tablet covered in cuneiform in the ancient ruins of Alalah, a major ...
Ugarit, where the Hurrian songs were found. The complete song is one of about 36 such hymns in cuneiform writing, found on fragments of clay tablets excavated in the 1950s from the Royal Palace at Ugarit (present-day Ras Shamra, Syria), [5] in a stratum dating from the fourteenth century BC, [6] but is the only one surviving in substantially complete form.