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Pattens were worn during the Middle Ages outdoors, and in public places, over (outside of) the thin soled shoes of that era. Pattens were worn by both men and women during the Middle Ages, and are especially seen in art from the 15th century; a time when poulaines—shoes with very long, pointed toes—were particularly in fashion.
The earliest known shoes are sagebrush bark sandals dating from approximately 7000 or 8000 BC, found in the Fort Rock Cave in the US state of Oregon in 1938. [5] The world's oldest leather shoe, made from a single piece of cowhide laced with a leather cord along seams at the front and back, was found in the Areni-1 cave complex in Armenia in 2008 and is believed to date to 3500 BC.
In the late Middle Ages, additional elements were added, like doubled soles. Later turnshoes often have more elaborate seams. [ 1 ] The cross-section image shows how the seams are on the inside; the turnshoe shown has a topband (dark leather edge strip), a heel stiffener, and a rand (a thin strip sewn into the seam between the sole and the upper).
In the U.S., the annual footwear industry revenue was $48 billion in 2012. In 2015, there were about 29,000 shoe stores in the U.S. and the shoe industry employed about 189,000 people. [47] Due to rising imports, these numbers are also declining. The only way of staying afloat in the shoe market is to establish a presence in niche markets. [48]
A woodcut of Kraków (Latin: Cracovia) in Poland from the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle. The usual English name poulaine [1] [2] (/ p u ˈ l eɪ n /) is a borrowing and clipping of earlier Middle French soulers a la poulaine ("shoes in the Polish fashion") from the style's supposed origin in medieval Poland. [3]
Woodcut of shoemakers from Frankfurt am Main, 1568. Two shoemakers in Vietnam in 1923. Shoemaking is the process of making footwear.. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand, often by groups of shoemakers, or cordwainers (sometimes misidentified as cobblers, who repair shoes rather than make them [citation needed]).
Reconstruction of a 16th-century Venetian chopine. On display at the Shoe Museum in Lausanne. Calcagnetti (Chopine)- Correr Museum. A chopine is a type of women's platform shoe that was popular in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Chopines were originally used as a patten, clog, or overshoe to protect shoes and dresses from mud and street soil.
Brogan-like shoes, called "brogues" (from Old Irish "bróc" meaning "shoe"), were made and worn in Ireland and Scotland as early as the 16th century, and the shoe type probably originated in Ireland. [1] [2] They were used by the Scots and the Irish as work boots to wear in the wet, boggy Scottish and Irish countryside. [3]