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Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces in the lungs, [5] [6] and is also known as pulmonary emphysema. Emphysema is a lower respiratory tract disease, [ 7 ] characterised by enlarged air-filled spaces in the lungs , that can vary in size and may be very large.
High-resolution CT image showing ground-glass opacities in the periphery of both lungs in a patient with COVID-19 (red arrows). The adjacent normal lung tissue with lower attenuation appears as darker areas. Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is a finding seen on chest x-ray (radiograph) or computed tomography (CT) imaging of the lungs.
Orbital emphysema (/ˈɔː(r)bɪt(ə)l ˌemfɪˈsiːmə/, also known as pneumo-orbit [8]) is a medical condition that refers to the trapping of air within the loose subcutaneous around the orbit that is generally characterized by sudden onset swelling and bruising at the impacted eye, with or without deterioration of vision, which the severity depends on the density of air trapped under the ...
These cases result in immediate onset (usually) painless swelling of the face and neck; crepitus (crunching sound) typical of subcutaneous emphysema is often present and the subcutaneous air will be visible on X-ray. [24] One of the main causes of subcutaneous emphysema, along with pneumothorax, is an improperly functioning chest tube. [2]
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On chest x-ray, one lung will be significantly more inflated than the other, causing a mediastinal shift. Bullous emphysema's radiographic appearance on x-ray mimics a tension pneumothorax. This presents a medical challenge as these diseases are treated differently despite appearing similarly on x-ray. [24] [25]
Associated findings such as air surrounding other mediastinal structures, such as the esophagus or great vessels may be present. Subcutaneous emphysema or air tracking into the neck may also be seen. This sign may also be diagnosed in X-ray images, although the sensitivity is much lower than that of CT. [4]
A chest radiograph of a flail chest associated with right sided pulmonary contusion and subcutaneous emphysema. Diagnosis is by physical examination performed by a physician. The diagnosis may be assisted or confirmed by use of medical imaging with either plain X ray or CT scan. Paradoxial movements of flail segments.