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The sodium–potassium pump (a type of P-type ATPase) is found in many cell (plasma) membranes and is an example of primary active transport.Powered by ATP, the pump moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions, each against its concentration gradient.
In contrast, paracellular transport is the transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing through an intercellular space between the cells. It differs from transcellular transport, where the substances travel through the cell passing through both the apical membrane and basolateral membrane; Renal physiology. Transcellular transport is ...
Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine. Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources, but these salts exist in very dilute solution. Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient.
The sodium/iodide cotransporter, also known as the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), [5] is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC5A5 gene. [6] [7] [8] It is a transmembrane glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 87 kDa and 13 transmembrane domains, which transports two sodium cations (Na +) for each iodide anion (I −) into the cell. [9]
An example of an antiporter mediated transport protein is the sodium-calcium antiporter, a transport protein involved in keeping the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions in the cells, low. This transport protein is an antiporter system because it transports three sodium ions across the plasma membrane in exchange for a calcium ion, which ...
Cells also contain anion antiporters such as the Band 3 (or AE1) anion transport protein. This cotransporter is an important integral protein in mammalian erythrocytes and moves chloride ion and bicarbonate ion in a one-to-one ratio across the plasma membrane based only on the concentration gradient of the two ions.
Thermodynamically the flow of substances from one compartment to another can occur in the direction of a concentration or electrochemical gradient or against it. If the exchange of substances occurs in the direction of the gradient, that is, in the direction of decreasing potential, there is no requirement for an input of energy from outside the system; if, however, the transport is against ...
Brefeldin A, a commonly used inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi apparatus transport, has been shown to inhibit transcytosis in dog kidney cells, which provided the first clues as to the nature of transcytosis regulation. [9] Transcytosis in dog kidney cells has also been shown be regulated at the apical membrane by Rab17, [10] as well as Rab11a and Rab25 ...
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