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Svalbard (/ ˈ s v ɑː l b ɑːr (d)/ SVAHL-bar(d), [4] Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsvɑ̂ːɫbɑr]), previously known as Spitsbergen or Spitzbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. North of mainland Europe, it lies about midway between the northern coast of Norway and the North Pole.
The archipelago is administered by the Governor of Svalbard, which is subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security. [6] [7] Unlike the rest of Norway (including Jan Mayen), Svalbard is a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone, [5] and is not part of the Schengen Area nor the European Economic Area. [8]
Svalbard is: an archipelago and area of limited sovereignty of Norway; Location: Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. Europe. Northern Europe; Arctic Ocean; Time zone: Central European Time , Central European Summer Time ; Extreme points of Svalbard High: Newtontoppen 1,717 m (5,633 ft) Low: Arctic Ocean 0 m; Land boundaries: none
The first scientific expedition to Svalbard was the Russian Čičagov Expedition between 1764 and 1766, which passed Svalbard in an unsuccessful attempt to find the Northern Sea Route. It made among water and topography measurements. [29] The second expedition was organized by the Royal Navy and led by Constantine Phipps in 1773.
MODIS satellite photo of Svalbard, courtesy NASA. Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean roughly centered on 78° north latitude and 20° east longitude. It constitutes the northernmost territory of the Kingdom of Norway. The three main islands in the group consist of Spitsbergen (the largest island), Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya.
Svalbard’s unique case. Although Svalbard is in Norwegian territory, and its government controls 99.5% of its land, there’s a sizable Russian presence in the archipelago, thanks to a treaty ...