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For each action potential fired in their vocal pattern generator, there is exactly one sonic motor neuron that fires, and there is exactly one sound pulse. [12] The two motor nuclei fire in phase in toadfish, leading to the paired contraction of the sonic muscles. [13] The duration of calls is controlled by the pre-pacemaker neurons in the ...
Sonograms of female copulatory vocalizations of a human female (top), female baboon (middle), and female gibbon (bottom), [19] with time being plotted on the x-axis and the pitch being represented on the y-axis. In non-human primates, copulatory vocalizations begin towards the end of the copulatory act or even after copulation. [2]
Toothed whale (odontocete) vocal anatomy. Most mammalian species produce sound by passing air from the lungs across the larynx, vibrating the vocal folds. [3] Sound then enters the supralaryngeal vocal tract, which can be adjusted to produce various changes in sound output, providing refinement of vocalizations. [3]
Certain words in the English language represent animal sounds: the noises and vocalizations of particular animals, especially noises used by animals for communication. The words can be used as verbs or interjections in addition to nouns , and many of them are also specifically onomatopoeic .
Vocal learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations. "Vocalizations" in this case refers only to sounds generated by the vocal organ (mammalian larynx or avian syrinx ) as opposed to by the lips, teeth, and tongue, which require substantially less motor control. [ 1 ]
The avian vocal organ is called the syrinx; [12] it is a bony structure at the bottom of the trachea (unlike the larynx at the top of the mammalian trachea). The syrinx and sometimes a surrounding air sac resonate to sound waves that are made by membranes past which the bird forces air.
In underwater acoustics and fisheries acoustics the term is also used to mean the effect of plants and animals on sound propagated underwater, usually in reference to the use of sonar technology for biomass estimation. [2] [3] The study of substrate-borne vibrations used by animals is considered by some a distinct field called biotremology. [4]
The vocal cords then oscillate as a result. [8] In addition, vocalizing muscles can make up 15% of a male spring peeper's body mass, while the same muscles are only 3% of females. Frogs produce sound from the air sac below their mouth that from the outside, is seen to inflate and deflate.