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A large civil police force organised and trained along military lines, which may contain paramilitary elements. This is the usual definition in places outside Great Britain such as the former Royal Irish Constabulary , the former Royal Ulster Constabulary [ citation needed ] , Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , Jamaica Constabulary Force .
In the Crown dependencies, the Isle of Man Constabulary and the States of Guernsey Police Service also have special constabularies, but the States of Jersey Police does not. Jersey has Honorary Police. The strength of the special constabulary as of September 2018 in England and Wales was 11,343, -12.3% on the previous year. [1]
The following list compares the size of police forces and police per head. In 2006, an analysis by the United Nations indicates an approximate median of 300 police officers per 100,000 inhabitants. [1] Only nine countries disclosed values lower than 100 officers per 100,000 inhabitants. [1]
[25] [26] Upon request from the chief police officer of a police force, members of one of the above three forces can be given the full powers of constables in the police area of the requesting force. [ 25 ] [ 27 ] This was used to supplement police numbers in the areas surrounding the 2005 G8 summit at Gleneagles.
Any constable, however, who takes office after January 1, 2023 must complete this training in order to make arrests or otherwise carry out full police powers. Constables who took office prior to that date have a deadline of January 1, 2027 to go through law enforcement basic training to maintain their law enforcement powers.
After 1856, all areas of England and Wales were covered by a police force. The lowest rank of the police forces and constabularies is "constable", and most outside London are headed by a chief constable. [36] [37] The unique office of 'Parks Constable' was first created when section 221 of the Liverpool Corporation Act 1921 (11 & 12 Geo. 5. c.
Common law has most recently affirmed the use of force in Beckford v R (1987), in which Lord Griffiths affirmed that "the test to be applied for self-defence is that a person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances as he honestly believes them to be in the defence of himself or another". [86]
Except in Greater London, each territorial police force covers one or more of the local government areas (counties) established in the 1974 local government reorganisations (although with subsequent modifications), in an area known in statute as a police area. These forces provide most of the policing services to the public of England and Wales.