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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Western European Christians in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
Anti-Ghibelline Crusades 1321–1322 These were crusades preached against Matteo I Visconti and his son Galeazzo I Visconti in 1321 and renewed in 1325 against Aldobrandino II d'Este and his son Obizzo III d'Este and supporters in Ferrara. Angevin forces carried out the fighting for these crusades. [345] [346]
These gains were amplified by the Siege of al-Shughur and the Siege of Bourzey Castle in August 1188. The Siege of Safed in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land. At the same time, the forces of Western Europe were mobilizing for the Third Crusade. [481]
The Near East, c. 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade. 1189. 9 January. After over a year, Saladin is successful in his Siege of Belvoir Castle. [10] 11 May. The Third Crusade begins, with Frederick Barbarossa and his forces departing Regensburg. [24] June.
The age of the crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517. London: Longman. ISBN 9780582493025. Edbury, Peter W. (1991). The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Humphreys, R. S. (1997) From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, SUNY Press
The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. [6] Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton (1975). [7] Timeline of Major Events of the Crusades. The Sultan and the Saint. [8]
Crusades were waged in the Iberian Peninsula, in northeastern Europe against the Wends, and in the Baltic region; other campaigns were fought against those the church considered heretics in France, Germany, and Hungary, as well as in Italy against opponents of the