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The government of Italy is that of a democratic republic, established by the Italian constitution in 1948. It consists of legislative , executive , and judicial subdivisions, as well as of a head of state , known as the president .
The politics of Italy are conducted through a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. Italy has been a democratic republic since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by popular referendum and a constituent assembly, formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy, was elected ...
The prime minister of Italy is the head of the Council of Ministers, which holds effective executive power in the Italian government. [1] [2] The first officeholder was Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, who was sworn in on 23 March 1861 after the unification of Italy. [3]
Of the 60 prime ministers, eight served more than 5 years, while seventeen served less than a year. Benito Mussolini is the longest-serving head of government, having settled a dictatorship and ruled the country for a record of 20 years and 267 days; [1] Tommaso Tittoni was the shortest-serving prime minister, having governed for 16 days only in 1905.
The Council of Ministers' origins date to the production of the Albertine Statute by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1848. The Statute, which subsequently became the Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, did not envision collegial meetings of individual ministers, but simply the existence of ministers as heads of their ministries, responsible for their operations.
The president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (Italian: Presidente della Repubblica Italiana), is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution .
It was one of the fastest government formations in the history of the Italian Republic. [5] The first Italian cabinet headed by a female Prime Minister , [ 6 ] it was variously described as a shift to the political right , [ 7 ] and as the first far-right -led Italian government since World War II .
Italy has 1,371 endemic plant species and subspecies, [143] which include Sicilian fir, Barbaricina columbine, Sea marigold, Lavender cotton, and Ucriana violet. Italy is a signatory to the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and the Habitats Directive. Italy has many botanical and historic gardens. [144]