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A graph with 6 vertices and 7 edges where the vertex number 6 on the far-left is a leaf vertex or a pendant vertex. In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph ...
A vertex can reach a vertex (and is reachable from ) if there exists a sequence of adjacent vertices (i.e. a walk) which starts with and ends with . In an undirected graph, reachability between all pairs of vertices can be determined by identifying the connected components of the graph.
where the degree of a vertex counts the number of times an edge terminates at that vertex. In an undirected graph , this means that each loop increases the degree of a vertex by two. In a directed graph , the term degree may refer either to indegree (the number of incoming edges at each vertex) or outdegree (the number of outgoing edges at ...
A vertex with degree 1 is called a leaf vertex or end vertex or a pendant vertex, and the edge incident with that vertex is called a pendant edge. In the graph on the right, {3,5} is a pendant edge. This terminology is common in the study of trees in graph theory and especially trees as data structures .
A peripheral vertex in a graph of diameter d is one whose eccentricity is d —that is, a vertex whose distance from its furthest vertex is equal to the diameter. Formally, v is peripheral if ϵ(v) = d. A pseudo-peripheral vertex v has the property that, for any vertex u, if u is as far away from v as possible, then v is as far away from u as
A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
Sometimes an extension of the domain of the edge weight function to is considered (with the resulting function still being called the edge weight function) by setting (,) = whenever (,). In applications each graph vertex x ∈ V {\displaystyle x\in V} usually represents a single entity in the given data, e.g., elements of a finite data set ...
The vertex of a parabola is the place where it turns; hence, it is also called the turning point. If the quadratic function is in vertex form, the vertex is (h, k). Using the method of completing the square, one can turn the standard form = + + into