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An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch.Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports.
In the United Kingdom, the method developed by Kirkpatrick, Rankin & Long [15] in 1984 and substantiated by testing a full-scale bridge in 1986 [16] first led to the introduction of new rules for the economic design of reinforced concrete beam and slab bridge decks in Northern Ireland. [17]
The DMRB is used to design trunk roads such as the A20 in the UK. The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) is a series of 15 volumes that provide standards, advice notes and other documents relating to the design, assessment and operation of trunk roads, including motorways in the United Kingdom, and, with some amendments, the Republic of Ireland.
In Japan, tied arch bridges with crossing hangers are wrongly called Nielsen-Lohse bridge. Engineer Octavius F. Nielsen applied for a patent on tied arches with inclined hanger rods in 1926. This bridge type was then built about 60 times, primarily in Sweden. None of these bridges had crossed hangers. [3]
Colorado Street Bridge, an example of a false skew arch. The strength of a regular arch (also known as a "square" or "right" arch) comes from the fact that the mass of the structure and its superincumbent load cause lines of force that are carried by the stones into the ground and the abutments without producing any tendency for the stones to slide with respect to one another.
The actual resolution of forces will depend upon the bridge' design. [1] If no horizontal thrusting forces are generated, this becomes an arch-shaped truss which is essentially a bent beam – see moon bridge for an example. If horizontal thrust is generated but the apex of the arch is a pin joint, this is termed as a three-hinged arch.
A fixed arch bridge, that is one without hinges, exerts a bending moment at the abutments and stresses caused by change of temperature or shrinkage of concrete have to be taken up by the arch. A two-hinged arch has a hinge at the base of each arch (the springing point), while a three-hinged arch has a third hinge at the crown of the arch. [3]
A tied-arch bridge is an arch bridge in which the outward-directed horizontal forces of the arch(es) are borne as tension by a chord tying the arch ends rather than by the ground or the bridge foundations. This strengthened chord may be the deck structure itself or consist of separate, independent tie-rods.