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While the IPPC's primary focus is on plants and plant products moving in international trade, the convention also covers research materials, biological control organisms, germplasm banks, containment facilities, food aid, emergency aid and anything else that can act as a vector for the spread of plant pests – for example, containers, packaging materials, soil, vehicles, vessels and machinery.
A photo of the IPPC seal on a wine shipping crate. International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 (ISPM 15) is an International Phytosanitary Measure developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) that directly addresses the need to treat wood materials of a thickness greater than 6mm, used to ship products between countries.
Under SPS rules, the burden of proof is on the complainant country to demonstrate that a measure violates Article 2.2 and Articles 5.1-5.8 before it can be regulated [16] even though scientific evidence can never be conclusive and it is not possible to test for all health risks that could arise from the importation of a certain product. [17]
Phytosanitary certificate issued in Thailand. Phytosanitary certification verifies phytosanitary worthiness (plant health).These certificates are used to attest that consignments meet phytosanitary import requirements and are undertaken by a National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO).
However, many countries including Australia, [13] New Zealand [14] and the USA, [15] have developed procedures to assess the pest risks associated with the import of plant commodities. Devorshak (2012) describes the principles of pest risk analysis, how analyses can be performed and the use of pest risk analysis in regulatory plant protection ...
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The majority of countries with the worst gang problems are in south and central America but there is one European country that makes the list. Each country is given a score from 1 to 7 indicating ...
International or global standards are agreements on common technical approaches that are used world-wide. Typical examples are: Internet standards — HTTP, SMTP, HTML, XML, etc.