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Anemia and diabetes usually occur by the time an affected person is in his or her twenties. [4] Affected individuals also experience retinal degeneration caused by excess iron. The changes result in small opaque spots and areas of atrophy around the edges of the retina. These abnormalities usually do not affect vision but can be observed during ...
The white matter with hidden but MRI-visible damage is known as "Normal-appearing white matter" (NAWM) [136] and is where lesions appear. [22] The NAWM is considered a non-visible kind of lesion, produces disability and it is responsive to natalizumab [137] The pathology of the NAWM differs from areas near the lesions or near the cortex.
Multiple sclerosis is typically diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms, in combination with supporting medical imaging and laboratory testing. [4] It can be difficult to confirm, especially early on, since the signs and symptoms may be similar to those of other medical problems. [5] [6]
An unknown soluble factor (produced by CD8+ T-cells or CD20+ B-cells), creates a toxic environment that activates microglia. [5] [6] MRI-abnormal areas with hidden damage appear in the brain and spine (NAWM, NAGM, DAWM). Some clusters of activated microglia, axonal transection and myelin degeneration are present. [7] [8] [9]
MRI is the exam of choice and shows increased signal on T2 weighted images within areas of muscle oedema. Contrast enhancement is helpful but must be weighed against the risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis as many diabetics have underlying chronic kidney disease .
The long-term complications associated with type 2 diabetes, like damage to your organs, can begin during prediabetes. So, despite the “pre,” it’s still a serious health condition.
To view the remaining tissue, and get perspective on the damage done (also helpful in determining the rate of deterioration) (T1-weighted), proton density, and FLAIR images are ideal as they show radiating stripe patterns in the degenerating white matter. A failure of MRI images is their ineffectiveness and difficulty in interpretation in ...
Diabetic nephropathy, damage to the kidney due to increased glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration can lead to end-stage chronic kidney disease that may require renal dialysis. [27] In most parts of the world, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
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