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An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall. [1] [2]The material consists of mostly macrophage cells, [3] [4] or debris, containing lipids, calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue.
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the narrowing of one or both of the renal arteries, most often caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. This narrowing of the renal artery can impede blood flow to the target kidney , resulting in renovascular hypertension – a secondary type of high blood pressure .
Generally an atheroma becomes vulnerable if it grows more rapidly and has a thin cover separating it from the bloodstream inside the arterial lumen. Tearing of the cover is called plaque rupture. However, a repeated atheroma rupture and healing is one of the mechanisms, perhaps the dominant one, that creates artery stenosis.
Calcification forms among vascular smooth muscle cells of the surrounding muscular layer, specifically in the muscle cells adjacent to atheromas and on the surface of atheroma plaques and tissue. [70] In time, as cells die, this leads to extracellular calcium deposits between the muscular wall and outer portion of the atheromatous plaques.
Hypertensive nephropathy refers to kidney failure that can be attributed to a history of hypertension [7] It is a chronic condition and it is a serious risk factor for the development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, despite the well-known association between hypertension and chronic kidney disease, the underlying mechanism remains ...
Progression of atherosclerosis. A fatty streak is the first grossly visible (visible to the naked eye) lesion in the development of atherosclerosis.It appears as an irregular yellow-white discoloration on the luminal surface of an artery.
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