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Lactobacillus helveticus is a gram-positive, lactic-acid producing, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Lactobacillus. [1] It is most commonly used in the production of American Swiss cheese and Emmental cheese, but is also sometimes used in making other styles of cheese, such as Cheddar, Parmesan, Romano, provolone, and mozzarella.
In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid bacteria (propionibacteria), notably Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. [3] [4] These bacteria transform lactic acid into propionic acid and carbon dioxide, according to the formula: 3 lactate → 2 propionate + acetate + CO 2 + H 2 O [5]
When Emmental cheese is being produced, P. freudenreichii ferments lactate to form acetate, propionate, and carbon dioxide: (3 C 3 H 6 O 3 → 2 C 2 H 5 CO 2 + C 2 H 3 O 2 + CO 2). [2] The products of this fermentation contribute to the nutty and sweet flavors of the cheese, and the carbon dioxide byproduct is responsible for forming the holes ...
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Certain Swiss-style cheeses, such as Emmental (often called "Swiss cheese" in the US), may be semi-hard. The same bacteria that give such cheeses their eyes also contribute to their aromatic and sharp flavours. Other semi-soft to firm cheeses include Cantal and Kashkaval/Cașcaval.
Baby Swiss and Lacy Swiss are two varieties of American Swiss cheeses. Both have small holes and a mild flavor. Baby Swiss is made from whole milk, and Lacy Swiss is made from low fat milk. [18] Baby Swiss was developed in the mid-1960s outside of Charm, Ohio, by the Guggisberg Cheese Company, owned by Alfred Guggisberg. [19]
The Swiss cheese model of accident causation is a model used in risk analysis and risk management. It likens human systems to multiple slices of Swiss cheese , which has randomly placed and sized holes in each slice, stacked side by side, in which the risk of a threat becoming a reality is mitigated by the differing layers and types of defenses ...