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For lithium-free Wittig reactions, studies support a concerted formation of the oxaphosphetane without intervention of a betaine. In particular, phosphonium ylides 1 react with carbonyl compounds 2 via a [2+2] cycloaddition that is sometimes described as having [π 2 s + π 2 a] topology to directly form the oxaphosphetanes 4a and 4b.
It is however less reactive than ylides lacking EWGs. For example they usually fail to react with ketones, necessitating the use of the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction as an alternative. Such stabilized ylides usually give rise to an E-alkene product when they react, rather than the more usual Z-alkene. A "stabilized" Wittig reagent.
In 1958, Leopold Horner published a modified Wittig reaction using phosphonate-stabilized carbanions. [2] [3] William S. Wadsworth and William D. Emmons further defined the reaction. [4] [5] In contrast to phosphonium ylides used in the Wittig reaction, phosphonate-stabilized carbanions are more nucleophilic but less basic. Likewise ...
The [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement is the transformation of an allylic ether into a homoallylic alcohol via a concerted, pericyclic process. Because the reaction is concerted, it exhibits a high degree of stereocontrol, and can be employed early in a synthetic route to establish stereochemistry.
The estimated pK a of this carbon acid is near 15. [2] Potassium tert-butoxide has been used in place of butyl lithium. [3] Sodium amide has also been used a base. [4] Methylenetriphenylphosphorane is used to replace oxygen centres in aldehydes and ketones with a methylene group, i.e., a methylenation: R 2 CO + Ph 3 PCH 2 → R 2 C=CH 2 + Ph 3 PO
A 1,2-Wittig rearrangement is a categorization of chemical reactions in organic chemistry, and consists of a 1,2-rearrangement of an ether with an alkyllithium compound. [1] The reaction is named for Nobel Prize winning chemist Georg Wittig. [2] [3] The intermediate is an alkoxy lithium salt, and the final product an alcohol.
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The a-keto stabilized ylides derived from bisphosphines like dppe, dppm, etc., viz., [Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2]C(H)C(O)R and [Ph 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PPh 2]C(H)C(O)R (R = Me, Ph or OMe) constitute an important class of hybrid ligands containing both phosphine and ylide functionalities, and can exist in ylidic and enolate forms.