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The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. [ 1 ]
Burden of all infectious diseases, worldwide in 2004, measured in disability-adjusted life years Burden of non-communicable diseases, worldwide in 2004, measured in disability-adjusted life years. Disease burden is the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other indicators.
Typically the CEA is expressed in terms of a ratio where the denominator is a gain in health from a measure (years of life, premature births averted, sight-years gained) and the numerator is the cost associated with the health gain. [2] The most commonly used outcome measure is quality-adjusted life years (QALY). [1]
Research by the University of York identified that the cost per quality adjusted life year for changes in existing NHS expenditure in 2008 was £12,936 leading to concerns new treatments approved by NICE at £30,000 per quality adjusted life year are less cost-effective than spend on existing treatments.
In HTAs it is usually expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). If, for example, intervention A allows a patient to live for three additional years than if no intervention had taken place, but only with a quality of life weight of 0.6, then the intervention confers 3 * 0.6 = 1.8 QALYs to the patient.
Disability-adjusted life years are a societal measure of the disease or disability burden in populations. DALYs are calculated by combining measures of life expectancy as well as the adjusted quality of life during a burdensome disease or disability for a population.
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quality-adjusted life year: q.AM: every day before noon (from Latin quaque die ante meridiem) q.d. every day (from Latin quaque die) q.d.s. four times each day (from Latin quater die sumendus) q.h. each hour (from Latin quaque hora) q.h.s. every bedtime (from Latin quaque hora somni) q.i.d. four times each day (from Latin quater in die)