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Contour plowing or contour farming is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour line furrows create a water break, reducing the formation of rills and gullies during heavy precipitation and allowing more time for the water to settle into the soil. [ 1 ]
Random contour plowing also becomes off contour but usually with the opposite effect on runoff, namely causing it to quickly run off ridges and concentrate in valleys. The limitations of the traditional system of soil conservation , with its "safe disposal" approach to farm water , was an important motivation to develop Keyline design.
Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion in agriculture, land development, coastal areas, river banks and construction. Effective erosion controls handle surface runoff and are important techniques in preventing water pollution , soil loss , wildlife habitat loss and human property loss.
Contour ploughing orients furrows following the contour lines of the farmed area. Furrows move left and right to maintain a constant altitude, which reduces runoff . Contour plowing was practiced by the ancient Phoenicians for slopes between two and ten percent. [ 4 ]
[2] [3]: pp. 4-95–4-96 Common techniques include contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation, planting perennial crops and installing riparian buffers. [ 4 ] [ 3 ] : pp. 4-95–4-96 Farmers can also develop and implement nutrient management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients [ 4 ] [ 3 ] : pp. 4-37–4-38 and reduce the ...
As a result, rainfall harvesting techniques are widely adopted to efficiently retain rainwater while minimizing the need for additional materials and financial investment. [ 3 ] There are various rainfall harvesting techniques, all sharing the fundamental principle of constructing or excavating structures using natural materials such as soil ...
Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shoveling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work include ploughing (overturning with moldboards or chiseling with chisel shanks), rototilling , rolling with cultipackers or other rollers , harrowing , and cultivating with ...
Tilled farmland such as this is very susceptible to erosion from rainfall, due to the destruction of vegetative cover and the loosening of the soil during plowing. Unsustainable agricultural practices increase rates of erosion by one to two orders of magnitude over the natural rate and far exceed replacement by soil production.