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Isothermal transformation diagrams (also known as time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams) are plots of temperature versus time (usually on a logarithmic scale). They are generated from percentage transformation-vs time measurements, and are useful for understanding the transformations of an alloy steel at elevated temperatures.
Time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagram. The red line shows the cooling curve for austempering. Austempering is heat treatment that is applied to ferrous metals, most notably steel and ductile iron.
English: TTT diagram of the isothermal transformations of a hypoeutectoid carbon steel, together with its relationship with the Fe-C phase diagram of carbon steels. Without exact values, only for educational purposes.
Time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagram for steel. The red curves represent different cooling rates (velocity) when cooled from the upper critical (A3) temperature. V1 (quenching) produces martensite. V2 (normalizing) produces both pearlite and martensite, V3 (annealing) produces bainite mixed with pearlite.
Steel with a high carbon content will reach a much harder state than steel with a low carbon content. Likewise, tempering high-carbon steel to a certain temperature will produce steel that is considerably harder than low-carbon steel that is tempered at the same temperature. The amount of time held at the tempering temperature also has an effect.
Bainite is a plate-like microstructure that forms in steels at temperatures of 125–550 °C (depending on alloy content). [1] First described by E. S. Davenport and Edgar Bain, [2] [3] it is one of the products that may form when austenite (the face-centered cubic crystal structure of iron) is cooled past a temperature where it is no longer thermodynamically stable with respect to ferrite ...
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Widmanstätten structures tend to form within a certain temperature range, growing larger over time. In carbon steel, for example, Widmanstätten structures form during tempering if the steel is held within a range around 500 °F (260 °C) for long periods of time. These structures form as a needle or plate-like growths of cementite within the ...