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The near-infrared (NIR) window (also known as optical window or therapeutic window) defines the range of wavelengths from 650 to 1350 nanometre (nm) where light has its maximum depth of penetration in tissue. [1] Within the NIR window, scattering is the most dominant light-tissue interaction, and therefore the propagating light becomes diffused ...
A number of near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores have been employed for in vivo imaging, including Kodak X-SIGHT Dyes and Conjugates, Pz 247, DyLight 750 and 800 Fluors, Cy 5.5 and 7 Fluors, Alexa Fluor 680 and 750 Dyes, IRDye 680 and 800CW Fluors. Quantum dots, with their photostability and bright emissions, have generated a great deal of interest ...
Fluorescent dyes, with no maturation time, offer higher photo stability and brightness in comparison to fluorescent proteins. In terms of brightness, luminosity is dependent on the fluorophores’ extinction coefficient or ability to absorb light, and its quantum efficiency or effectiveness at transforming absorbed light into fluorescently emitting luminescence.
These fluorophores are either small molecules, protein or quantum dots. Organic fluorophores fluoresce thanks to delocalized electrons which can jump a band and stabilize the energy absorbed, hence most fluorophores are conjugated systems. Several families exist and their excitations range from the infrared to the ultraviolet.
Fluorescence excitation is accomplished using various kind of light sources. [4] Halogen lamps have the advantage of delivering high power for a relatively low cost. Using different band-pass filters, the same source can be used to produce several excitation channels from the UV to the near infrared.
The emission spectrum is usually sharper than the excitation spectrum, and it is of a longer wavelength and correspondingly lower energy. Excitation energies range from ultraviolet through the visible spectrum, and emission energies may continue from visible light into the near infrared region. The main characteristics of fluorophores are:
The most commonly used fluorophores have excitation spectra in the 400–500 nm range, whereas the laser used to excite the two-photon fluorescence lies in the ~700–1100 nm (infrared) range produced by Ti-sapphire lasers. If the fluorophore absorbs two infrared photons simultaneously, it will absorb enough energy to be raised into the excited ...
The excitation and emission spectra of the Alexa Fluor series cover the visible spectrum and extend into the infrared. [3] ... Near-IR: 702: 723 ~1400: 205,000: 0.25 ...