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A vascular malformation is a type of vascular anomaly. [2] They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle, and can continue to grow throughout life. Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving capillaries , and those involving the veins and arteries .
The estimated prevalence of vascular anomalies is 4.5%. [2] Vascular anomalies can occur throughout the whole body, but in 60% of patients they are localized in the head and neck region. [3] Vascular anomalies can present in various ways: when situated deep below the skin, they appear blue, and are often called cavernous.
A port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) is a discoloration of the human skin caused by a vascular anomaly (a capillary malformation in the skin). [1] They are so named for their coloration, which is similar in color to port wine, a fortified red wine from Portugal. A port-wine stain is a capillary malformation, seen at birth. [2]
Sturge–Weber syndrome, sometimes referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a rare congenital neurological and skin disorder. It is one of the phakomatoses and is often associated with port-wine stains of the face, glaucoma, seizures, intellectual disability, and ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma (cerebral malformations and tumors).
Hemangioma covering half of the face, including the lips and the tongue. Hemangiomas are benign (noncancerous) vascular tumors, and many different types occur. The correct terminology for these hemangioma types is constantly being updated by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA). [3]
The distinctive vascular abnormalities of the skin often fade over time, making the diagnosis challenging in older children with this condition. [citation needed] The brain can be affected in several ways in this syndrome. Some children are born with structural brain anomalies such as cortical dysplasia or polymicrogyria.
Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth (DCMO) is a subset of capillary malformations (CM) associated with hypertrophy, i.e. increased size of body structures.CM can be considered an umbrella term for various vascular anomalies caused by increased diameter or number of capillary blood vessels.
Arterial cerebrovascular anomalies. Cardiac defects, aortic coarctation and other aortic abnormalities. Eye anomalies. [2] Sometimes an "S" is added to PHACE making the acronym PHACES; with the "S" standing for "Sternal defects" and/or "Supraumbilical raphe." PHACE syndrome may affect infants with large plaque-type facial hemangiomas. [3]