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Principle of binocular vision with horopter shown. In biology, binocular vision is a type of vision in which an animal has two eyes capable of facing the same direction to perceive a single three-dimensional image of its surroundings. Binocular vision does not typically refer to vision where an animal has eyes on opposite sides of its head and ...
Binoculars with roof prisms have been in use to a large extent since the second half of the 20th century. Roof prism designs result in objective lenses that are almost or totally in line with the eyepieces, creating an instrument that is narrower and more compact than Porro prisms and lighter. There is also a difference in image brightness.
Convergence is a binocular oculomotor cue for distance and depth perception. Because of stereopsis, the two eyeballs focus on the same object; in doing so they converge. The convergence will stretch the extraocular muscles – the receptors for this are muscle spindles .
The volume of an object can thus be determined when the difference in refractive index between the object and the surrounding media is known. The success of the phase-contrast microscope has led to a number of subsequent phase-imaging methods.
is the distance between the back focal plane of the objective and the back focal plane of the eyepiece (loosely called the "tube length"), typically 160 mm for a modern instrument. f O {\displaystyle \ f_{\mathsf {O}}\ } is the objective focal length and f E {\displaystyle \ f_{\mathsf {E}}\ } is the eyepiece focal length.
Binocular vision happens because each eye receives a different image because they are in slightly different positions in one's head (left and right eyes). These positional differences are referred to as "horizontal disparities" or, more generally, " binocular disparities ".