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  2. SQL syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_syntax

    An identifier may not be equal to a reserved keyword, unless it is a delimited identifier. Delimited identifiers means identifiers enclosed in double quotation marks. They can contain characters normally not supported in SQL identifiers, and they can be identical to a reserved word, e.g. a column named YEAR is specified as "YEAR".

  3. Tuple relational calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple_relational_calculus

    The basic relational building block is the domain (somewhat similar, but not equal to, a data type). A tuple is a finite sequence of attributes, which are ordered pairs of domains and values. A relation is a set of (compatible) tuples. Although these relational concepts are mathematically defined, those definitions map loosely to traditional ...

  4. SQL - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL

    SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...

  5. Relational operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_operator

    Standard SQL uses the same operators as BASIC, while many databases allow != in addition to <> from the standard. SQL follows strict boolean algebra, i.e. doesn't use short-circuit evaluation, which is common to most languages below. E.g. PHP has it, but otherwise it has these same two operators defined as aliases, like many SQL databases.

  6. Where (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_(SQL)

    A WHERE clause in SQL specifies that a SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statement should only affect rows that meet specified criteria. The criteria are expressed in the form of predicates. WHERE clauses are not mandatory clauses of SQL DML statements, but can be used to limit the number of rows affected by a SQL DML statement or returned ...

  7. Null (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_(SQL)

    The SQL COALESCE function or CASE expressions can be used to "simulate" Null equality in join criteria, and the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL predicates can be used in the join criteria as well. The following predicate tests for equality of the values A and B and treats Nulls as being equal.

  8. Select (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(SQL)

    The SQL SELECT statement returns a result set of rows, from one or more tables. [1] [2] A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or database views. In most applications, SELECT is the most commonly used data manipulation language (DML) command.

  9. Set operations (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_operations_(SQL)

    The SQL EXCEPT operator takes the distinct rows of one query and returns the rows that do not appear in a second result set. For purposes of row elimination and duplicate removal, the EXCEPT operator does not distinguish between NULLs .