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  2. Solution (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)

    Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt in water.The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes.

  3. Solid solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solution

    The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have: Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)

  4. Solvent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent

    A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. Water is a solvent for polar molecules, and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water within the cell. Major uses of solvents are in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. [2]

  5. Solubility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility

    The solute can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas, while the solvent is usually solid or liquid. Both may be pure substances, or may themselves be solutions. Gases are always miscible in all proportions, except in very extreme situations, [3] and a solid or liquid can be "dissolved" in a gas only by passing into the gaseous state first.

  6. Supersaturation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersaturation

    The example of sodium sulfate in water is well-known and this was why it was used in early studies of solubility. Recrystallization [5] [6] is a process used to purify chemical compounds. A mixture of the impure compound and solvent is heated until the compound has dissolved. If there is some solid impurity remaining it is removed by filtration ...

  7. Freezing-point depression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression

    In all cases, the substance added/present in smaller amounts is considered the solute, while the original substance present in larger quantity is thought of as the solvent. The resulting liquid solution or solid-solid mixture has a lower freezing point than the pure solvent or solid because the chemical potential of the solvent in the mixture ...

  8. Colligative properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colligative_properties

    Addition of solute to form a solution stabilizes the solvent in the liquid phase, and lowers the solvent's chemical potential so that solvent molecules have less tendency to move to the gas or solid phases. As a result, liquid solutions slightly above the solvent boiling point at a given pressure become stable, which means that the boiling ...

  9. Liquid–liquid extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidliquid_extraction

    The solvent that is enriched in solute(s) is called extract. The feed solution that is depleted in solute(s) is called the raffinate. Liquidliquid extraction is a basic technique in chemical laboratories, where it is performed using a variety of apparatus, from separatory funnels to countercurrent distribution equipment called as mixer settlers.