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Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle . [ 1 ] It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud condensation nuclei within ...
Idealized scheme showing condensation of two amino acids to give a peptide bond. Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include the aldol condensation and the Knoevenagel condensation , which both form water as a by-product, as well as the Claisen condensation and the Dieckman condensation (intramolecular Claisen ...
Figure 1: An example of a porous structure exhibiting capillary condensation. In materials science and biology, capillary condensation is the "process by which multilayer adsorption from the vapor [phase] into a porous medium proceeds to the point at which pore spaces become filled with condensed liquid from the vapor [phase]."
A typical raindrop is about 2 mm in diameter, a typical cloud droplet is on the order of 0.02 mm, and a typical cloud condensation nucleus is on the order of 0.0001 mm or 0.1 μm or greater in diameter. [1] The number of cloud condensation nuclei in the air can be measured at ranges between around 100 to 1000 per cm 3. [1]
The earliest recognized fermionic condensate described the state of electrons in a superconductor; the physics of other examples including recent work with fermionic atoms is analogous. The first atomic fermionic condensate was created by a team led by Deborah S. Jin using potassium-40 atoms at the University of Colorado Boulder in 2003. [1] [2]
Tachyon condensation is a process in which a tachyonic field—usually a scalar field—with a complex mass acquires a vacuum expectation value and reaches the minimum of the potential energy. While the field is tachyonic and unstable near the local maximum of the potential, the field gets a non-negative squared mass and becomes stable near the ...
Examples include the Liebig condenser, Graham condenser, and Allihn condenser. This is not to be confused with a condensation reaction which links two fragments into a single molecule by an addition reaction and an elimination reaction. In laboratory distillation, reflux, and rotary evaporators, several types of condensers are commonly used ...
Commonly, diethylsuccinate is a component of the reaction. The usual product is salt of the half-ester. The Stobbe condensation is named after its discoverer, Hans Stobbe, whose work involved the sodium ethoxide-induced condensation of acetone and diethyl succinate. [2] An example is the reaction of benzophenone with diethyl succinate: [3]