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Europe's citizens — as well as its leaders, its artists and, crucially, its satirists — are scared to speak because of a demonstrated willingness by Islam's fanatics to commit violence against their perceived opponents. There exists, Mr. Caldwell writes, a kind of 'standing fatwa' against Islam's critics." [2]
There was cultural contact between Europe and the Islamic world (at the time primarily represented by the Ottoman Empire and, geographically more remote, Safavid Persia) from the Renaissance to Early Modern period. Much of Europe's contact with the Islamic world was through various wars opposing the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation.. However, in the modern contexts of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, and Bangladesh, the religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal sha
Charlemagne, the Frankish monarch who unified much of Western Europe and re-established the authority of the Roman Church in the West. By the 8th century, the Frankish Kingdom, a Germanic kingdom that had originated east of the Rhine, ruled much of western Europe, particularly in what is now France and Germany.
Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity. [2] Although the majority of Muslim communities in Western Europe formed as a result of immigration, [3] there are centuries-old indigenous European Muslim communities in the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region.
A Roman Catholic church, Eastern Orthodox church, and Muslim mosque are located in the same square in Bosanska Krupa, Bosnia and Herzegovina.. European Islam, or Euro-Islam, is a hypothesized new branch of Islam [1] that historically originated and developed among the European peoples of the Balkans [2] (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, [3] and Turkey) [4] and parts of countries in ...
Martin Kramer was one of the first experts to start using the term political Islam in 1980. In 2003, he stated that political Islam can also be seen as tautology because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics. [5] [6] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both ...
Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi (1856-1921) was a disciple and successor of Shah Waliullah's son who emphasized the 'purification' of Islam from un-Islamic beliefs and practices. He anticipated modern militant Islamists by leading an extremist , jihadist movement and attempted to create an Islamic state based on the enforcement of Islamic law .