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Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca 2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca 2+ is important for cellular signalling, for once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins.
Calcium ions (Ca 2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, [2] [3] where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization.
Capacitative calcium entry appears to also be a major means of signal transduction. The major Ca 2+ entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which the emptying of intracellular Ca 2+ stores activates Ca 2+ influx (store-operated Ca 2+ entry, or capacitative Ca 2+ entry). This is often referred to as the store-operated current ...
Principle of calcium encoding.A schematics of intracellular calcium signaling and its equivalent from a calcium encoding perspective.. Calcium encoding (also referred to as Ca 2+ encoding or calcium information processing) is an intracellular signaling pathway used by many cells to transfer, process and encode external information detected by the cell.
It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca 2+, and the binding of Ca 2+ is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca 2+, calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signal transduction pathway by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as kinases or phosphatases. [2] [3] [4]
To maintain low concentrations of free Ca 2+ in the cytosol, cells use membrane pumps like calcium ATPase found in the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. These pumps are needed to provide the steep electrochemical gradient that allows Ca 2+ to rush into the cytosol when a stimulus signal opens the Ca 2+ channels
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors , although in some cases the term sensor is used. [ 1 ]
These are distinguished by using either Ba 2+ or Ca 2+ as the charge carrier in the external recording solution (in vitro). The CGI component is attributed to the binding of the Ca 2+-binding signaling protein calmodulin (CaM) to at least 1 site on the channel, as Ca 2+-null CaM mutants abolish CGI in L-type channels. Not all channels exhibit ...