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It has been shown to ameliorate the negative effects that salinity has such as reduced water usage of plants. [17] Soil salinity activates genes associated with stress conditions for plants. [18] These genes initiate the production of plant stress enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, L-ascorbate oxidase, and Delta 1 DNA polymerase.
On the other side, some plants show adaptations to changes in soil salinity, in that the plant's exposure to salt initiates certain mechanisms for cell osmotic regulation and causes changes in this plant's water obtaining and loss behaviors. [1] One of such plants is the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a member of the family Brassicaceae.
The salt level is often taken as the soil salinity or the salinity of the irrigation water. Salt tolerance is of importance in irrigated lands in (semi)arid regions where the soil salinity problem can be extensive as a result of the salinization occurring here. It concerns hundreds of millions of hectares. [2]
Primary salinity (natural salinity) and secondary salinity (induced salinity). (Nrm.qld.gov.au, 2013) Primary salinity naturally occurs in arid and saline environments such as salt lakes, marshes, pans and salt flats. Natural accumulation of salt in soils is an outcome from previous cycles of drainage, desiccation and sea winds.
where Ci is the salt concentration of the irrigation water, Cc is the salt concentration of the capillary rise, equal to the salt concentration of the upper part of the groundwater body, Fc is the fraction of the total evaporation transpired by plants, Ce is the salt concentration of the water taken up by the plant roots, Cp is the salt ...
Over generations, many plants have mutated and built different mechanisms to counter salinity effects. [24] A good combatant of salinity in plants is the hormone ethylene. Ethylene is known for regulating plant growth and development and dealing with stress conditions.
Salinity in soil is caused by irrigating with salty water. Water then evaporates from the soil leaving the salt behind. Salt breaks down the soil structure, causing infertility and reduced growth. [citation needed] [14] The ions responsible for salination are: sodium (Na +), potassium (K +), calcium (Ca 2+), magnesium (Mg 2+) and chlorine (Cl −).
The toxic levels of salt ions can directly result in physiological changes in species which can cause harmful effects to not only the individual, but also the species population. [19] The various effects on these organisms can then indirectly affect the overall freshwater ecosystem by modifying the aquatic community structure and function. [19]