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  2. Vrata - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrata

    Vrata is a Sanskrit word that means "vow, resolve, devotion", [1] and refers to pious observances such as fasting and pilgrimage (Tirtha) found in Indian religions such as Hinduism and Jainism. [2][3] It is typically accompanied with prayers seeking health and happiness for their loved ones. [4][5][6]

  3. Five Vows - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Vows

    [12] Apart from five fundamental vows seven supplementary vows are prescribed for a śrāvaka. These include three guņa vratas (Merit vows) and four śikşā vratas (Disciplinary vows). [19] The vow of sallekhanâ is observed by the votary at the end of his life. It is prescribed both for the ascetics and householders.

  4. Prāyaścitta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prāyaścitta

    Sri Sri Ravishankar 2.1.17 The Dharmasastras list many types of Prāyaścitta or penance. These include: Abhiśasta (public confession): a person visits homes as a beggar, seeks forgiveness, confesses his crime and asks for food. Anutāpa (repentance): a person loathes the evil he did, reminds and repeats to himself "I shall not do that again". Prāṇāyāma (restraint of breath): a person ...

  5. Samskara (rite of passage) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)

    Most Gryhasutras and several Smritis include four Veda-vratas as samskara after graduation, as means of continuing self-education. [108] The four Vratas includes Sukriya (study Rigveda), Sakvara, Vratika and Upanishad Vrata. The rite of passage ceremony for each of these marked the start of the self study by the householder, which lasted ...

  6. Pratima (Jainism) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)

    t. e. In Jainism, Pratima (Sanskrit: प्रतिमा) is a step or a stage marking the spiritual rise of a lay person (shravak). There are eleven such steps called pratima. [1] After passing the eleven steps, one is no longer a sravaka, but a muni (monk). Rules prescribed for laymen are divided into twelve vrata (vows) and eleven pratimas ...

  7. Parshvanatha - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha

    Parshvanatha is the earliest Jain tirthankara who is generally acknowledged as a historical figure. [7] [8] [9] According to Paul Dundas, Jain texts such as section 31 of Isibhasiyam provide circumstantial evidence that he lived in ancient India. [10]

  8. Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the...

    e. An animation that illustrates a geocentric model of the Solar System. The Hindu calendar is based on a geocentric model of the Solar System. [1] A geocentric model describes the Solar System as seen by an observer on the surface of the Earth. The Hindu calendar defines nine measures of time (Sanskrit: मान IAST: māna): [2] brāhma māna.

  9. Pativrata - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pativrata

    The pativrata of a wife towards her husband is a recurring theme in Hindu literature, and occurs in various legends of Hindu mythology. It is a concept that is usually portrayed to be a powerful factor that protects a woman's husband from curses, death, and any ill-omens that threaten his well-being. The Ramayana features Sita, whose pativrata ...