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Equivalent series resistance. Capacitors and inductors as used in electric circuits are not ideal components with only capacitance or inductance. However, they can be treated, to a very good degree of approximation, as being ideal capacitors and inductors in series with a resistance; this resistance is defined as the equivalent series ...
When calculating a Thévenin-equivalent voltage, the voltage divider principle is often useful, by declaring one terminal to be V out and the other terminal to be at the ground point. The Thévenin-equivalent resistance R Th is the resistance measured across points A and B "looking back" into the circuit. The resistance is measured after ...
The Norton resistance R no is found by calculating the output voltage produced with no resistance connected at the terminals; equivalently, this is the resistance between the terminals with all (independent) voltage sources short-circuited and independent current sources open-circuited. This is equivalent to calculating the Thevenin resistance.
In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit. [1]Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the complex representation of the current flowing through it. [2]
Equivalent impedance transforms. An equivalent impedance is an equivalent circuit of an electrical network of impedance elements [note 2] which presents the same impedance between all pairs of terminals [note 10] as did the given network. This article describes mathematical transformations between some passive, linear impedance networks ...
Johnson 's 1927 experiment showed that if thermal noise from a resistance of with temperature is bandlimited to bandwidth , then its root mean squared voltage is in general, where is the Boltzmann constant. Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist noise) is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the ...
Ohm's law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, [ 1 ] one arrives at the three mathematical equations used to describe this relationship: [ 2 ] where I is the current through the conductor ...
The following equivalent resistance calculation will show how during each switching cycle, this switched-capacitor circuit transfers an amount of charge from in to out such that it behaves according to a similar linear current–voltage relationship with = / ().