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  2. Calorimeter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter

    The measurement of heat using a simple calorimeter, like the coffee cup calorimeter, is an example of constant-pressure calorimetry, since the pressure (atmospheric pressure) remains constant during the process. Constant-pressure calorimetry is used in determining the changes in enthalpy occurring in solution.

  3. Relations between heat capacities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_heat...

    P = pressure V = volume n = number of moles R = universal gas constant T = temperature. The ideal gas equation of state can be arranged to give: = / or = / The following partial derivatives are obtained from the above equation of state:

  4. Calorimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry

    Calorimetry requires that a reference material that changes temperature have known definite thermal constitutive properties. The classical rule, recognized by Clausius and Kelvin, is that the pressure exerted by the calorimetric material is fully and rapidly determined solely by its temperature and volume; this rule is for changes that do not involve phase change, such as melting of ice.

  5. Chemical thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics

    The change in internal energy is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume (at STP condition), as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter. However, at constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat is usually not equal to the internal energy change ...

  6. Reaction calorimeter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_calorimeter

    An example of a Co-Flux Calorimeter. Constant flux calorimetry is an advanced temperature control mechanism used to generate accurate calorimetry. It operates by controlling the jacket area of a laboratory reactor while maintaining a constant inlet temperature of the thermal fluid. This method allows for precise temperature control, even during ...

  7. Hess's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess's_law

    According to the first law of thermodynamics, the enthalpy change in a system due to a reaction at constant pressure is equal to the heat absorbed (or the negative of the heat released), which can be determined by calorimetry for many reactions. The values are usually stated for reactions with the same initial and final temperatures and ...

  8. Van 't Hoff equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation

    where ln denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is the ideal gas constant.This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.

  9. Thermodynamic instruments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_instruments

    Although pressure is defined mechanically, a pressure-measuring device called a barometer may also be constructed from a sample of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature. A calorimeter is a device which is used to measure and define the internal energy of a system. Some common thermodynamic meters are: