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In India, the federal laws defines misrepresentation under "Misconception Of Fact". This is dealt with under the Indian Penal Code in Section 90, which states: Consent given firstly under fear of injury, and secondly under a misconception of fact, is not consent at all. That is what is explained in the first part of Section 90.
This section was also in use in other neighboring countries such as Pakistan, Myanmar, where the term 420 persists in popular culture to this date. In the Nigerian Criminal Code , the same offence is covered by article 419, which has now lent its name to the advance fee fraud .
(a) the misrepresentation has become a term of the contract; or (b) the contract has been performed; or both, then, if otherwise he would be entitled to rescind the contract without alleging fraud, he shall be so entitled, subject to the provisions of this Act, notwithstanding the matters mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
The law of misrepresentation is an amalgam of contract and tort; and its sources are common law, equity and statute. In England and Wales, the common law was amended by the Misrepresentation Act 1967. The general principle of misrepresentation has been adopted by the United States and other former British colonies, e.g. India.
The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act, 1896 6 1896 18 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act, 1898 4 1898 19 The Currency-Notes Forgery Act, 1899 12 1899 20 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act, 1910 3 1910 21 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1913 8 1913 22 The Indian Elections Offences and Inquiries Act, 1920 39 1920 23
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) (IAST: Bhāratīya Nyāya Saṃhitā; lit. ' Indian Justice Code ') is the official criminal code in India.It came into effect on 1 July 2024 after being passed by the parliament in December 2023 to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
"Instrument" is defined by section 8, "makes" and "false" by section 9, and "induce" and "prejudice" by section 10. Forgery is triable either way . A person guilty of forgery is liable, on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or, on summary conviction , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six ...
ISBN 978-0-19-922580-4; Review Fraud – Alex Copola Podgor, Ellen S. Criminal Fraud, (1999) Vol, 48, No. 4 American Law Review 1. The Nature, Extent and Economic Impact of Fraud in the UK. February, 2007. The Fraudsters – How Con Artists Steal Your Money. ISBN 978-1-903582-82-4 by Eamon Dillon, published September 2008 by Merlin Publishing