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2. TestDisk - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TestDisk

   TestDisk can recover deleted files especially if the file was not fragmented and the clusters have not been reused. There are two file recovery mechanisms in the TestDisk package: [2] TestDisk proper uses knowledge of the filesystem structure to perform "undelete". PhotoRec is a "file carver". It does not need any knowledge of the file system ...

3. CHKDSK - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHKDSK

   On Windows NT operating systems, CHKDSK can also check the disk surface for bad sectors and mark them (in MS-DOS 6.x and Windows 9x, this is a task done by Microsoft ScanDisk). The Windows Server version of CHKDSK is RAID-aware and can fully recover data in bad sectors of a disk in a RAID-1 or RAID-5 array if other disks in the set are intact. [11]

4. Data erasure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_erasure

   Permanent data erasure goes beyond basic file deletion commands, which only remove direct pointers to the data disk sectors and make the data recovery possible with common software tools. Unlike degaussing and physical destruction, which render the storage media unusable, data erasure removes all information while leaving the disk operable.

5. File system fragmentation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_fragmentation

   File segmentation, also called related-file fragmentation, or application-level (file) fragmentation, refers to the lack of locality of reference (within the storing medium) between related files. Unlike the previous two types of fragmentation, file scattering is a much more vague concept, as it heavily depends on the access pattern of specific ...

6. AOL Mail

   mail.aol.com

   Get AOL Mail for FREE! Manage your email like never before with travel, photo & document views. Personalize your inbox with themes & tabs. You've Got Mail!

7. Write amplification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_amplification

   If the user or operating system erases a file (not just remove parts of it), the file will typically be marked for deletion, but the actual contents on the disk are never actually erased. Because of this, the SSD does not know that it can erase the LBAs previously occupied by the file, so the SSD will keep including such LBAs in the garbage ...