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The most recent work documenting and studying the phonology of North American English dialects as a whole is the 2006 Atlas of North American English (ANAE) by William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg, on which much of the description below is based, following on a tradition of sociolinguistics dating to the 1960s; earlier large-scale ...
The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change (abbreviated ANAE; formerly, the Phonological Atlas of North America) is a 2006 book that presents an overview of the pronunciation patterns in all the major dialect regions of the English language as spoken in urban areas of the United States and Canada.
A simplified diagram of Canadian raising (Rogers 2000:124).Actual starting points vary. Canadian raising (also sometimes known as English diphthong raising [1]) is an allophonic rule of phonology in many varieties of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points.
For the most part, Canadian English, while featuring numerous British forms, alongside indigenous Canadianisms, shares vocabulary, phonology and syntax with American English, which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects. [5]
In North America, the vowel of "father" has merged with that of "lot" and "bother" (see above). Related to the trap–bath split , North American dialects have a feature known as /æ/ tensing . This results in /æ/ in some environments, particularly nasals to be raised and even diphthongized, typically transcribed as [eə] .
Inland North American English appears in all these states, especially in areas along the Great Lakes The recent Northern cities vowel shift , beginning only in the twentieth century, now affects much of the North away from the Atlantic coast, occurring specifically at its geographic center: the Great Lakes region.
English-language scholar William A. Kretzschmar Jr. explains in a 2004 article that the term "General American" came to refer to "a presumed most common or 'default' form of American English, especially to be distinguished from marked regional speech of New England or the South" and referring especially to speech associated with the vaguely-defined "Midwest", despite any historical or present ...
Vowel mergers before intervocalic /r/ in most of North America (resistance occurs mainly on the east coast): Mary–marry–merry merger: /ɛər/ and /ær/ merge to /ɛr/. Hurry-furry merger: /ʌr/ and /ɜr/ merge to [ɚ]. Mirror-nearer merger /ɪr/ and /ɪər/ merge or are very similar, the merged vowel can be quite variable.