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Bakelite items, particularly jewelry and radios, have become popular collectibles. [45] The term Bakelite is sometimes used in the resale market as a catch-all for various types of early plastics, including Catalin and Faturan, which may be brightly colored, as well as items made of true Bakelite material. [44] [74]
Bakelite was originally made from phenolic resin and wood flour. Ebonol is a paper-filled phenolic resin designed as a replacement for ebony wood in stringed and woodwind instruments. Novotext is cotton fibre-reinforced phenolic, using randomly oriented fibres.
These are made by the reaction of phenols, formaldehyde and primary amines which at elevated temperatures (400 °F (200 °C)) undergo ring–opening polymerisation forming polybenzoxazine thermoset networks; when hybridised with epoxy and phenolic resins the resulting ternary systems have glass transition temperatures in excess of 490 °F (250 °C).
Bakelite was the first fibre-reinforced plastic. Leo Baekeland had originally set out to find a replacement for shellac (made from the excretion of lac bugs).Chemists had begun to recognize that many natural resins and fibres were polymers, and Baekeland investigated the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde.
Catalin is a brand name for a thermosetting polymer developed and trademarked in 1927 by the American Catalin Corporation of New York City, when the patent on Bakelite expired that year. [1] A phenol formaldehyde resin , it can be worked with files, grinders, and cutters, and polished to a fine sheen.
The plastic kits and covers are mostly made of synthetic polymers like polythene, and tires are manufactured from polybutadienes. [1] However, due to the environmental issues created by these synthetic polymers which are mostly non-biodegradable and often synthesized from petroleum, alternatives like bioplastics are also being considered.