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Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis .
In 600 BC, plants and natural substances like tree ash and animal fat were added to soap made by Phoenicians. Romans similarly discovered the formation of soap around Mount Sapo. [2] In modern days, saponification is the process used to make soaps of all kinds. The idea of using soap for face washing continued to expand and develop to fulfil ...
Steroid glycosides are saponins with 27-C atoms. [4] They are modified triterpenoids where their aglycone is a steroid, these compounds typically consist of a steroid aglycone attached to one or more sugar molecules, which can have various biological activities.
Basic hydrolysis of esters, known as saponification, is not an equilibrium process; a full equivalent of base is consumed in the reaction, which produces one equivalent of alcohol and one equivalent of a carboxylate salt. The saponification of esters of fatty acids is an industrially important process, used in the production of soap. [24]
Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy (in 1840) in the saponification of palm oil, which process remains today the primary industrial route for producing the acid. [13] Triglycerides (fats) in palm oil are hydrolysed by high-temperature water and the resulting mixture is fractionally distilled. [14]
The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. In 1790, Nicolas Leblanc discovered how to make alkali from common salt. [27] Andrew Pears started making a high-quality, transparent soap, Pears soap, in 1807 in London. [53] His son-in-law, Thomas J. Barratt, became the brand manager (the first of its kind) for Pears in 1865. [54]
Perhaps the oldest commercially practiced example of ester hydrolysis is saponification (formation of soap). It is the hydrolysis of a triglyceride (fat) with an aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). During the process, glycerol is formed, and the fatty acids react with the base, converting them to salts. These salts are called soaps ...
Through the process of saponification, fats (like tallow, pig, and bone fats) or vegetable oils react with sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salts of fatty acids and glycerin. [1] The resulting mixture is known as soft soap [ broken anchor ] , which serves as a precursor for hard soap production.