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These species have similar ground state properties: they are diamagnetic and undergo reversible oxidation to the trications. As a consequence of the Primogenic Effect, the first excited state for [Fe(bipy) 3] 2+ is a ligand field state (LF state) with a high spin configuration. Such LF states characteristically decay to the ground state rapidly ...
In contrast, the first and second excited states of dioxygen are both states of singlet oxygen. Each has two electrons of opposite spin in the π* level so that S = 0 and the multiplicity is 2S + 1 = 1 in consequence. In the first excited state, the two π* electrons are paired in the same orbital, so that there are no unpaired electrons.
Triplet-triplet annihilation combines the energy of two triplet-excited molecules onto one molecule to produce a higher excited state. Since the higher excited state is an emissive singlet state, TTA can be used to achieve photon upconversion which is a process that converts the energy of two photons into one photon of higher energy.
The doublet state requires an odd number of electrons, and so cannot occur in dioxygen without gaining or losing electrons, such as in the superoxide ion (O − 2) or the dioxygenyl ion (O + 2). The ground state of O 2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ/mol. [ 3 ] It is a colourless gas with a boiling point of −183 °C ...
Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.. The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers).
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In quantum mechanics, the spectral gap of a system is the energy difference between its ground state and its first excited state. [1] [2] The mass gap is the spectral gap between the vacuum and the lightest particle. A Hamiltonian with a spectral gap is called a gapped Hamiltonian, and those that do not are called gapless.